Rape: Meaning, Causes and Saying No beyond Words

The problems in our society are quite appalling. Different problems everyday, it is quite disheartening to wake up to this awful news daily. From rape to racism and others. What's happening to the world?

Why do we train our women to be responsible and forget to train most of our men?
We live in a society where the woman is blamed for being raped. Rape is never the victims' fault because no body wants to be raped. We tell our women to dress well to avoid rape but it is not about the dressing. Modestly dressed people get raped, babies are raped and we blame it on the dressing of the woman. We have freedom to dress in the way we like but then we become scared.


We live in a society where we let innocent women be raped, get blamed and die of depression or sometimes even get killed by the rapist while the rapists roam the street like innocent people. Most women who get raped can't even speak up because of the fear of been condemned by the society. It's true that men also get raped but the cases of male rape is very low compared to that of women.


We need to be bold and speak up. We are the change we want to see in the world.

This article is about rape, definition and it's effect. The post also highlights some rape cases around the world, causes and solutions to rape.

Do you know that apart from "Corruption", Rape has also gotten to the danger zone  as a menace in many Countries of the world.

Daily News Correspondent was privileged to meet and sample opinions of some people on the issue of rape rocking the Society.

Photo: Rape | meaning; causes, effects cases and solutions | image credit: Getty Images

What is the meaning of rape? In a simple definition, Rape means to force sexual intercourse or any other sexual activities on someone.

Causes of Rape

Some of the identified causes of Rape are:

1. High emotional Tension: The libido in most humans cannot be overemphasized, some Men/Women have high sexual urge which in most cases cannot be over controlled and at that same point passing through seduction from opposite sex. This can make him or her briefly reach a conclusion that forcing the opposite sex will make him/her satisfied.
2. Revenge: Cheat breakups (Revenge): Some guys may think setting up a lady and raping her will let her realised how hurtful he experienced when she left him for another richer Guy/Men.
3. Inability to understand the will and the word of God: According to Mr. Olayinka, he opines, saying "..all I can say about the issue you raised is that we should all pray that bad spirit shouldn't control our soul. All this crimes which people are committing are not just from their will. Some are under a spell, some is a kind of madness which can't be properly define."               

Psychologist, Dr. Ibukunnle explained Rape as "a forceful sexual intercourse without the consent of other party involved." To the Dr, he called It an Assault,  which may be caused by many factors:

The Other causes of Rape:

1. Overexposure to nudity,
2. Arrogance  on the part of Ladies,
3. Absence of home training,
4. Lack of fear of God.

Rape is a big act and crime against humanity, because victims of rapists will hardly forget it. 

According to Dr. Ibukunnle, solution to curb rape act should be "Capital Punishment/Life Imprisonment."

What are the Justice for Rape Victims?

How well and fast does a rape victim gets Justice, especially in Nigeria and some African countries. Report indicates that it takes time for rape case to get settled in Nigerian court. 

According to the Nigerian legal system on rape, the rape victim must prove to the court the penetration before been cross-examined by the Court for justice to be served. 

To prove a rape case is becoming deficult, even than the rape act. At times, it might even be difficult to pinpoint who is guilty or not due to the technicality of the case in most cases.

"Rape a behaviour that needs to be totally eradicated. This has been relating itself in this our dear Country. where our ladies are no more secured, where no capital punishment attached to it. I think Nigeria needs to wake up and let's reason together as a Country that will flourish; the lives of everybody should not be endanger due to rape," Comrade Stephen opined.

Still on the rape and the breakdown, a Pharmacist and psychologist, Dr. Emeka opined thus "Rape is just very bad, am not a good judge of character but psychological assessment is required then in court. Also, there jail term should be very long, giving capital punishment shouldn't be for everything only in cases of murder or terrorism or where raping cases is in an alarming rate."

Opnions on some common causes of rape:

Dr. Emeka said  "On random ones, some ladies are found of showing there private parts to lure some men into such act.  Yes! You are being  addressed the way your dressed.

"For you putting on Skippy, tight skirt and short trousers, what signal or message do you think it is sending?

"Aside that, some guys, do rape ladies for ritual reasons."

While highlighting the effects and aftermath of rape, he noted:

"The effects and aftermath of rape can include both physical trauma and psychological trauma.

"However, physical force is not necessarily used in rape, and physical injuries are not always a consequence. Deaths associated with rape are known to occur, though the prevalence of fatalities varies considerably across the world."

"For  rape victims, the more common consequences of sexual violence are those related to reproductive health, mental health, and social wellbeing."

These are the effects of  Rape in the Society:

1. Physical  impact: This comes with deformation of the victim and the bad feelings.
2. Gynecologic: Gynecology has to do with the study of Medical Problems of Women, especially the reproductive system, it's another branch of Medicine. Hence, the common Gynecologic consequences experienced by rape survivors include- Vaginal or anal bleeding, infection and Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
3. Vaginitis or vaginal inflammation.
4. Dyspareunia: It means painful sexual intercourse. 
5. Vaginismus: This means a condition affecting a woman's ability to engage in any form of vaginal penetration.
6. Chronic pelvic pain: Victim of rape could experience pains in the bones all over their Body, which could cause discomfort.
7. Urinary tract infections: Through rape, the victim is opened to infectious diseases in the (Penis) for Male and (Virgina) for female. This urinary tract infection makes the victim feel pains while urinating.
8. Pregnancy: This is the most known one, the victim, especially with unprotected sex is 99% exposed to getting pregnant.
9. HIV/AIDS: Acronym for human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), the virus comes through contact with blood, especially from intercourse. Hence, rape victims are prone to this virus and the Virus drains blood and weaken the cells in the body; leaving the victim to different diseases and untimely death.

These are the solutions to Rape:

1. Sex Education: In a quest to profer solutions, Parents are advised to engage in "sex education" to their children. ladies should be modest in their dressings and guys should be more careful.
2. Prayer: Dr. Emeka added that "We should be more prayerful because Rape is a spirit. This Country needs to be baptized;  people are just too " desperate.
3. Awareness and publicity from Government, NGOs and Civil Society Organizations: It is believed that if Government, Parents, NGOs and Individual should focus attention more on curbing rape, by increasing the awareness and dangers in rape, the story could change to reduce the menace of rape around the world.

7 Ways to End Violence Against Women

 

Violence against women and girls is one of the most widespread violations of human rights. It further intensified during the Covid19 with  increasingly alarming rate of sexual violence during the lockdown and curfews.  It was further tagged as the "Shadow Pandemic" ravaging the world amidst the Covid 19 health crises by United Nations Women Executive Director 

Global estimates published by WHO indicate that about 1 in 3 (35%) of women worldwide have experienced either physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-partner sexual violence in their lifetime.  Yet to date, only two out of three countries have outlawed domestic violence, while 37 countries worldwide still exempt rape perpetrators from prosecution if they are married to or eventually marry the victim. Furthermore, 49 countries currently have no laws protecting women from domestic violence.

This year marks the 25th Anniversary of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the most visionary agenda for advancing women’s rights everywhere, of which Nigeria is a signatory. The COVID-19 pandemic has dampened what should have been a year of reflection on the progress made and strategising on concrete actions to address urgent issues such as gender-based violence. 

Here are just 5 ways we all  can make a difference, safely and impactfully in ending Gender Based Violence.

1. Start Conversations to end the Silence Culture

Violence against women and girls is a human rights violation that’s been perpetuated for decades. It’s pervasive, but it’s not inevitable, unless we stay silent. Igniting the fire is a step in awareness.

Read: Biography of Actress Kehinde Bankole

2. Always take a Stand against rape culture

Rape culture is the social environment that allows sexual violence to be normalized and justified, fueled by the persistent gender inequalities and attitudes about gender and sexuality. Naming it is the first step to dismantling rape culture.

Every day we have the opportunity to examine our behaviours and beliefs for biases that permit rape culture to continue. Examining our various definition of masculinity and femininity, and how our own biases and stereotypes influences our decision. Collectively, we can all take action to stand against rape culture.

3. Listening to and believing survivors

When women share  their story of violence, they take the first step to breaking the cycle of abuse. It’s on all of us to give the safe space for women's  needs to speak up and be heard. It’s important to remember that when discussing cases of sexual violence, a victim’s sobriety, clothes, and sexuality are irrelevant.The perpetrator is the sole reason for assault and must bear the responsibility alone. Calling out victim-blaming and countering the idea that it’s on women to avoid situations that might be seen as “dangerous” by traditional standards.

Survivors of violence are speaking out more than ever before, and everyone has a role to play to ensure they can have justice.

4)  Understanding consent

Freely given, enthusiastic consent is mandatory, every time. Teaching people that rather than listening for a “no,” make sure there is an active “yes,” from all involved. Adopting enthusiastic consent in our various life and talking about it.

Phrases like “she was asking for it” or “boys will be boys” attempt to blur the lines around sexual consent, placing blame on victims, and excusing perpetrators from the crimes they have committed.

5. Shame Perpetrators

Women most times suffers from victim blaming, society shaming and talking point after experiencing violence. In our society today, we talk about how many women were raped like statistics not how many men rape women. We talk about how women can protect themselves from rape not how men should stop raping women.We call men who rape or harm women DOGS but dogs don't harm/rape. We must ensure that perpetrators of violence against women are shamed and ridiculed collectively while justice is duly served to the victim.

Conclusion

Conclusively, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic threaten any progress that has been made in tackling gender-based violence. Nigeria must ensure that its recovery from the pandemic promotes a more gender inclusive society, where women and girls’ rights are protected and their opportunities promoted, so that the progress made in the last 25 years was not in vain. Ending violence against women is everyone’s business and you have a role to play.

Gender-Based Violence: The Raging Shadow Pandemic

November 25th of every year marks the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women around the world plus it's 16 days activism, and this year is no different, as the United Nations launched the 2020 UNiTE Campaign themed; "Orange the world: Fund, Respond, Prevent, Collect!". A campaign geared towards the eradication of GBV, which is deeply rooted in gender inequalities.

Prior to COVID-19 pandemic, Gender-based Violence (GBV) has been a rather disturbing and heartbreaking issue, with organisations, countries and activists continually putting measures in place to combat it. World Health Organization estimated that, "Globally, 1 in every 3 women have experienced physical or sexual violence, mostly perpetrated by an intimate partner". UN women estimated that in the past 12 months prior to COVID-19 pandemic, 243 million women and girls aged 15-49 years were subjected to sexual and/or physical violence carried out by intimate partner". This data has only increased following the COVID-19 pandemic owing to strict lockdown measures imposed by the government to curtail the spread of the disease.

Nigeria is not left out from the horrors of GBV as a study commissioned by the Ministry of Women's Affairs and social development in conjunction with UNPFA(United Nations Population Fund) Nigeria, with support from the Norwegian Government, revealed that 28% of Nigerian women aged 25-29 have experienced some form of physical violence since age 15.

During the lockdown, there were reported cases of a surge in domestic violence especially in regions with strict lockdown measures, like Lagos, Ogun States and the Federal Capital Territory. The recorded increase by the International Growth Centre (IGC) showed that in these 3 states, an increase of 297% was seen, which showed a rapid rise from 60 in March to 238 cases in April. In states with less strict lockdown measures, like Benue, Ebonyi, etc, an increase of only 53% was recorded.

It should be recalled that during this period, the media was also replete with gory news of rape and murder, and one such prominent one was the rape and murder of 22 years old Uwaila Vera Omozuwa, an 100L student of UNIBEN. Also, the rape and murder of 18 years old Barakat Bello shortly after. 29 years old Azeezat Shomiyiwa and 21 years old Grace Oshiagwu also suffered similar fates not too long after. And the demoralizing stories continued. 

In a statement released by UN President and Humanitarian Coordinator in Nigeria, Edwin Kallon, he revealed that, "3 of every 10 women have experienced physical, sexual, economic,of psychosocial violence because of their gender". He further stated that, "Though these 3 women knew their perpetrator, only one of them knew about health support available, and only one would approach the justice system as the other two are shameful, and would not speak out of the fear of stigma from community, family, and friends who might place the blame on them for 'not being more careful' or for 'dressing improperly'". 

Gender-based Violence occurs in various forms such as; sexual violence, psychological violence, stalking, forced marriage, child marriage, female genital mutilation, intimte partner violence, homicide and domestic abuse, dating violence, amongst many others. GBV following the COVID-19 pandemic, is known to be equally as damaging, with a lasting consequence on social and all-round development. Hence, the need to combat the crippling ill before it extinguishes the entire human race.

Society and traditions also have a role to play in GBV as reports have shown that despite the adoption of the United Nation's Convention on the Elimination of all forms of discrimination against women in 1985, as well as policies like National Gender Policy of 2006, inequality stills remains yet to be tackled. This is largely due to unhelpful cultural and structural practises that greatly marginalize women's participation in all spheres of life. This, without a doubt, has influenced the surge in GBV as women are mostly viewed as citizens whose voices do not deserve to be heard, and some traditions and societal rul go as far as giving women barbaric titles such as"properties of husbands", hence should be disciplined in whatever form should any wrongdoing arise. Julia Godunova, the Deputy Head of the Board of the Eurasian Women's Network on AIDS, spoke about studies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that shows that more than 79% of women who survived violence do not seek help because of perceived shame. Aisha Alhassan, the former Minister of Women's Affair, further alluded to this "perceived shame" or "silence culture" in a statement released during a news briefing in Abuja to mark the 16 days of activism to end violence against women and girls. She stated that, "women and girls may suffer violent acts in household and within the family which could be habituated by socio-cultural attitudes and traditions".

GBV is a grievious crime against humanity and a grave infringement on the human rights of women and young girls. This heinous act is not restricted to only offline violence but has over the years extended to online violence (more prominent following the COVID-19 pandemic) and appears in the forms of; online bullying, cyberstalking, hate speech, defamation, public shaming, sex trolling, zoom bombing, amongst many others. While men are also victims of online violence, it rapidly becomes sexualized hate or threats where women are concerned. This merely shows the deeply-entrenched gender inequalities in our society.

GBV in Nigeria prior to COVID-19 pandemic, has been heralded by a lack of or inadequate coordination amongst stakeholders, poor implementation of legal policies, etc which has hampered government and civil society efforts to address gender based violence. The little efforts put to combat GBV have been further impaired following the lockdown measures carried out to curtail the spread of the coronavirus. This made survivors unable to access centres and shelters, leaving them to depend on the "little" help from hotlines to receive support. Also, the mobilization of police unit in enforcing lockdown, led to shrinking capacity to respond to calls for help. Postponement of court proceedings have also gravely contributed to the surge in GBV, as protection (of victims) and restraining orders against perpetrators were absent, leaving the victims to live in perpetual fear.

Closure of schools also increased the incidence of child marriages and teenage pregnancies, especially in areas where girl child education is undervaluer, as families were forced to make sacrifices by marrying off their daughters to alleviate economic constraints. 

There is a no gainsaying that the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic threatened to bury the little progress made in tackling GBV. Nevertheless, Nigeria must take constructive and deliberate efforts to promote a more gender inclusive society, where the rights of women and girls are protected and equal opportunities for all is upheld.

Also, conscious efforts should be made in documenting data and fostering transparency on GBV, in order to bring to light the grave impact of this crippling ill on societal development.

Government should also place priorities on women and girls right by funding women's right organizations, through the Ministry of Women's Affairs to allow for swift response and better help provision to victims and/or survivors. 

Government should unceasingly mount pressure on all States to embrace and implement the Violence Against Persons Prohibitions Act, a policy enacted in 2015 in response to the long standing problem of gender based violence in Nigeria. Currently, only 16 out of 36 states have adopted legislation needed to implement the VAPP ACT. This is not good enough as State-level remains critical in tackling GBV. State laws will provide the legal support needed to punish the perpetrators of the act as well as provide support to victims or survivors in whatever means necessary.

Furthermore, public education on "silencing the 'hush-hush' culture", by speaking up should be preached both offline and online with a strict adherence to the promise on anonymity, amongst others.

State and Federal tasks force and legal system should be charged with the honourable responsibility on tackling GBV through prevention and protection(of victims) and punishment of offenders.

The health sector plays an important role and must be fully equipped, have skilled health workers at the forefront of handling GBV cases in the aspect of adequate care of victims, reliability on timely response and collection of GBV evidence. 

Most importantly, we should all remember that the fight against gender inequality belongs to us all and the subjugation of one gender should be abhorred. Irrespective of gender, class, race or creed, we should all come together to eradicate this social ill from our society and the world at large.

#Say "NO" to GBV